Diabetic Nephropathy The Leading Cause Of Chronic Kidney...

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the leading causes of chronic kidney diseases worldwide and most of the affected patients have T2DM. A considerable number of patients newly diagnosed with T2DM may already have developed nephropathy due to a preceding period of undiagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance [11]. According to the classification of American Diabetes Association, DN is divided into three stages, incipient nephropathy (micro-albuminuria), clinical diabetic nephropathy (macro-albuminuria) and ESRD. To diagnose those DN patients in its early stage can effectively prevent or delay the progression to ESRD [12]. Renal biopsy is a useful way to diagnose DN but is an invasive method so we are in need to simple, accurate and non-invasive test for early diagnosis and/or monitoring DN progression [13]. Several mechanisms, including hyperglycemia, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), oxidative stress, and inflammation are the main contributors to DN pathogenesis through activation of nuclear factor ÃŽ ºB (NF-ÃŽ ºB) signaling which is the key regulator of inflammation and apoptosis [14]. TLRs have been implicated in diabetes-induced inflammation and vascular complications. TLRs recognize various damage-associated molecular patterns such as heat-shock proteins, fatty acids, ox-LDLs and AGEs. Activation of the immuno-inflammatory reactions through TLR4 was supposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of DN [15]. This current study revealed up-regulation of TLR4 inShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Major Micro Vascular Complication Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus1685 Words   |  7 PagesBackground: Diabetic nephropathy is the major micro-vascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is the main cause for end-stage kidney disease. In view of metabolic derangements of T2DM, we went further to investigate the role played by oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), lipocalin-2 (LCN2), and omentin-1 in DN. Patients and methods: 15 normo-albuminuria T2DM, 15 micro-albuminuria T2DM and 15 macro-albuminuria T2DM in addition to 15 heal thy volunteerRead MoreClinical And Metabolic Characteristics Of The Studied Groups1574 Words   |  7 Pagesdifference in age, body mass index between the studied groups. Meanwhile, there were statistically significant increase in disease duration; TG, TC, FBG levels and HbA1C percentage in diabetic cases when compared to their allied control group with higher values were for macro-albuminuria T2DM group. LDL-C and HDL-C levels showed statistically significant difference in diabetic cases when compared to their allied control group but with no difference between micro and macro albuminuria T2DM groups.Read MoreDiabetes Mellitus : A Serious Chronic Metabolic Disorder Associated With High Blood Sugar2086 Words   |  9 Pages Diabetes Mellitus MED 2056 Michela Leytham 12/7/2014 FT029 Jessica Ferreira Diabetes Mellitus is a serious chronic metabolic disorder associated with high blood sugar that affects the body’s ability to metabolize nutrients and use them as fuel. Normally the body uses carbohydrates and sugars that are eaten and breaks them down into a usable sugar in the body called glucose. Glucose has the ability to fuelRead MoreThe Health Problem Surrounding Type 1 Diabetes2334 Words   |  10 PagesSearch Strategy A thorough research of the existing literature regarding Type 1 Diabetes was conducted. The search engines used were: EBSCO Host, ProQuest, Canada Context and CINAHL. The key words used were: epidemiology, Type 1 diabetes, causes for Type 1 Diabetes, Juvenile Diabetes, risk factors, treatment and susceptibility. This search produced over 1000 articles pertaining to this specific health issue. Of these, 200 were peer-reviewed. Of the 200 peer-reviewed, 123 were conducted in